Figure 2.
Heparanase, TFPI-2, and VEGF-A are elevated in placentas with vascular insufficiency.
A schematic summary of two studies73,74 implying elevated levels of heparanase, TFPI-2, and VEGF-A in placentas of women with recurrent fetal losses, IUGR deliveries, and normal vaginal deliveries. In these three conditions vascular insufficiency occurs. As heparanase has a procoagulant role, it potentially can contribute to thrombosis in these placentas.