Diffuse or focal NP presentations may arise (1) directly as a result of autoimmune mechanisms (primary NPSLE), in which case treatment should target the most relevant pathologic mechanism (anticoagulation in aPL-associated thrombosis or immunosuppression in antibody-mediated diffuse damage); (2) secondary to complications of the disease or treatment (secondary NPSLE), which may require treatment such as antibiotic therapy for bacterial infection; and (3) finally as a consequence of NP events related to SLE, which may have specific treatment.

HCQ, hydroxychloroquine.