The Status of Various Paths for Genetically Related Artificial Sperm Production to Date.27
Path | Animal Model | Human | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sperm Cell | Fertilization | Offspring | Sperm Cell | Fertilization | Offspring | |
In vitro differentiation of germline stem cells | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
In vitro proliferation of germline stem cells and auto-transplantation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
In vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
In vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and auto-transplantation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
In vitro somatic cell transformation into sperm cells | ||||||
In vivo somatic cell transformation into sperm cells | ✓ |