PubMed Central, : RMMJ Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal Rambam Health Care Campus 2024 October; 15(4): e0019. ISSN: 2076-9172Published online 2024 October 28. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10533

Name	Professional Information	Birth-Death (Years)	Legal Clause for Dismissal^{^*}	Dismissal Date	Outcome
Aschheim, Selmar	Gynecology and Biology	1878–1965	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	1935	Emigrated to France
Bergmann, Ernst W.	Orthopedic Surgery	1896–1977	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	1935	USA
Borchardt, Moritz^{^†}	Associate Professor of Surgery	1868–1948	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Mar 4, 1933	Emigrated to Argentina
Casper, Leopold	Associate Professor of Urology	1859–1959	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 14, 1933	Emigrated to USA
Freund, Richard	Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics	1878–1942	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 14, 1933	Suicide after deportations began
Gerlach, Walter	General Surgery	Unknown	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Unknown	Unknown
Heydemann, Hans	Orthopedic Clinic Assistant	1898-?	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Heymann, Emil^{^‡}	Chief Surgeon in Surgical Department	1878–1936	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work; noted as furloughed in 1935 as “non-Aryan”	1935	Suicide
Israel, Arthur	Associate Professor of Surgery	1883–1969	§ 4 RBG - deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	1935	Escaped to USA; returned to Munich in 1969
Israel, Wilhelm James	Surgery/Urology	1881–1959	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	1935	Emigrated to UK
Joseph, Eugen	Professor of Urology and Surgery, Head, Department of Urological Surgery	1879–1933	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 4, 1933	Suicide
Josephs	Doctor in First Surgical Clinic	Unknown	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent (uncertain)	Unknown	Unknown
Kisch, Eugen	Associate Professor of Surgery	1885–1969	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 4, 1933	Emigrated to Brazil
Klein, Paul	“Privatdozent” [lecturer] in Gynecology and Obstetrics	1892-?	Teaching license revoked	1933	Unknown
Landau, Hans	Associate Professor of Surgery	1892–1935	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 9, 1933	Emigrated to UK
Lichtenberg, Alexander von	Associate Professor Surgery/Urology		§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	1935	Emigrated to Mexico
Liepmann, Wilhelm	Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics	1878–1939	§ 6 - Retired for no known reason	May 3, 1933	Emigrated to Turkey
Mannheim, Hans	Assistant, Surgical Clinic	1900–1972	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent, initially on leave from May 15, 1933, but dismissed on Jun 29, 1933	Jun 29, 1933	Emigrated to UK and USA
Marcus, Max	Surgery	1892–1983	§ 6 - Retired for no known reason	Mar 14, 1934	Emigrated to Palestina (pre- Israel) via Lebanon
Meyer, Robert O.	Honorary Professor of Gynecology and Histology	1864–1947	Retired in 1935	1935	Emigrated to USA
Nissen, Rudolf	Associate Professor of Surgery	1895–1982	§ 18 RHO^{^¶}	Jul 15, 1935	Emigrated to Turkey/USA/Switzerland
Picard, Hugo	Associate Professor of Surgery	1888-?	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Jul 15, 1945	Emigrated to Egypt
Pribram, Bruno Oskar	Associate Professor of Surgery	1887-?	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Nov 24, 1933	Remained in Berlin until February 1938; final destination unknown
Salomon, Albert	Associate Professor of Surgery	1883–1976	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 8, 1933	Emigrated to Holland
Sauer, Hans von	Scientific Assistant in Surgical Clinic	1903-?	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	1933	Emigrated to USA
Schück-Breslauer, Franz	Associate Professor of Surgery	1888–1958	Teaching license revoked in 1935	1935	Emigrated to USA; requested to return to Berlin in 1957
Strassman, Paul F.^{^^}	Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology	1866–1938	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	Oct 19, 1935	Emigrated to Switzerland
Strassmann, Erwin O.	“Privatdozent” [lecturer] in Gynecology and Obstetrics	1895–1972	§ 4 RBG - Deprives Jews of citizenship, required dismissal from work	Oct 19, 1935	Emigrated to USA
Zondek, Bernhard	Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology	1891–1966 (New York)	§ 3 - Non-Aryan descent	Sep 5, 1933	Emigrated to Palestina (pre-Israel) via Sweden

Professor Sauerbruch directed the surgical department from 1928 to 1949. The majority of dismissals were in 1933 under clause § 3 of The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service,⁴⁸ which officially initiated the Medical Professional Elimination Program. Likewise, dismissals under one of the Nuremberg Laws occurred soon after they became official.

* The reasons for dismissal were included in the original list of employees dismissed based on clause number and year of the 1933 Professional Civil Service Act,⁴⁸ unless marked with the letters “RBG” (Reichsbürgergesetz, i.e. the 1935 Reich Citizenship Law [one of the Nuremberg Laws])⁴⁹ or “RHO” (Reichsheimstättengesetz, the Reich Homestead Law).⁵⁰ Each clause of these laws carried with it important nuances. Hence, this table provides the clause number as provided (e.g. § 3 or § 4 RBG, etc.), followed by a brief description of the nuanced reason for dismissal. The reader is referred to the references for more details about the law and clause enacted.

† Borchardt stands out as the only doctor from this group who was dismissed on March 4, 1933, before the Civil Service Act officially became law, yet he is marked as having been released based on it.

‡ Although Heymann is recorded as being a Protestant, he was classified as a non-Aryan and suspended from his work. The terminology used regarding his “dismissal” was actually “furloughed.”

¶ Clause 18 of the RHO relates to the transfer of funds to departments based on the established budget and circumstances when an audit is performed. The cited reason for dismissal is interesting since Nissen trained under Professor Sauerbruch at the University of Berlin and transferred with him to the Charité. Nissen’s dismissal was delayed since he had served in World War I and was exempt from dismissal. According to Berry, Sauerbruch was instrumental in Nissen’s escape from Germany.⁵¹

** Paul F. Strassman is noted to have been a Protestant. It is possible that he had a Jewish spouse or someone Jewish in his lineage.